Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) Essay - 757 Words

Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) Approximately 54 million non-institutionalized Americans have physical, intellectual, or psychiatric disabilities (Hernandez, 2000). . The Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) protects individuals with disabilities from discrimination based upon their disability (Bennett-Alexander, 2001). The protection extends to discrimination in a broad range of activities, including public services, public accommodations and employment. The ADAs ban against disability discrimination applies to both private and public employers in the United States. Not all individuals with disabilities are protected by the ADA. To be protected, individuals with disabilities must show that they are otherwise†¦show more content†¦Limiting, segregating, or classifying disabled job applicants or employees in a way that denies them employment opportunities because of their disability. 2. Using the services of organizations, such as employment agencies, referral services, labor unions, or healthcare providers, which discriminate against the disabled. 3. Using standards that discriminate on the basis of disability or enable discrimination. 4. Denying employment or job benefits to individuals because they have a relationship with someone who is disabled. 5. Not making a reasonable accommodation for the disabilities of employees or denying employment opportunities to them because of the duty to accommodate their disabilities. 6. Using qualification standards, employment tests, or selection criteria that screen out or the disabled unless they are job related. 7. Using employment tests that measure applicants disabilities, instead of their ability to do the job. This is not a complete list of the types of discrimination found in the workplace, there are other forms of workplace discrimination prohibited by the ADA. However, one form of workplace discrimination; the failure to reasonably accommodate the disabilities of applicants and employees, applies to all stages of the employment process. An accommodation is any change in the workplace environment or in the way things are done in the workplace that gives individuals with disabilities equal employmentShow MoreRelatedThe American Disability Act ( Ada )1176 Words   |  5 Pages Disability has been a function historical to justify inequality for any disabled people, but in addition has also helped so many women, and minorities. Over the years there have been many models that can explain disability law. There is a social model which argues that it is the environment, that basically caused those traits to limit the functions; therefore creating disability. Another model that people tend to us e when looking at disability is the normative claim, which his that disability shouldRead MoreAmerican With Disability Act ( Ada )855 Words   |  4 PagesIndividuals with disabilities continually encounter various forms of discrimination, including intentional exclusion from certain work areas, that denies them the opportunity to compete on an equal basis and to pursue those opportunities that guarantees success in the society. To guarantee success there is expectation regarding the relationship between the employer and employee, giving close attention to the various factors that should be considered to make the person with disability successful. ThisRead MoreThe Americans With Disabilities Act ( Ada )1432 Words   |  6 PagesThe Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) strictly â€Å"prohibits discrimination and ensures equal opportunity for persons with disabilities in employment, State and local government services, public accommodations, commercial facilities and transportatio n.†1 This law, enacted in 1990, was created so that people with disabilities have the same rights and opportunities as everyone else in society so that they don’t get left behind. The ADA gives civil rights protections to those with disabilities in aRead MoreThe Americans With Disabilities Act ( Ada )1414 Words   |  6 PagesSection 504 of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) created what is commonly referred to as a 504 or a 504 Plan. The purpose is to prevent/prohibit discrimination against public school students with disabilities and guarantee they receive accommodations that will ensure their academic success and access to the learning environment (University of Washington, 2015). Section 504 and the ADA govern education accommodations in college (Alao, 2015). Additionally, 504 Plans are a civil rights law.Read MoreThe American Disabilities Act ( Ada )2583 Words   |  11 Pages The American Disabilities Act (ADA) defines disabled workers as individuals who have â€Å"physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, have a record of such an impairment, or are regarded as having such an impairment†. Such impairments substantially limit major life activities such as seeing, hearing, speaking, walking, breathing, performing manual tasks, learning, caring for oneself, and working (ada.gov). In contrast, the definition of disability usedRead MoreDisability Discrimination And Americans With Disability Act ( Ada )1983 Words   |  8 Pageshis/her disability in various areas of their lives. Today, discrimination against disability has become a complete law by which a person can sue the other party for being discriminated on any impairment. In the United States, the law is covered by Americans with Disability Act (ADA). The law prevents one party (specifically employers) to discriminate other party (particularly emplo yees) on the basis of their physical impairments. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and analyze disability discriminationRead MoreEssay on The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)1448 Words   |  6 PagesThe Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is one of the most significant laws in American History. Before the ADA was passed, employers were able to deny employment to a disabled worker, simply because he or she was disabled. With no other reason other than the persons physical disability, they were turned away or released from a job. The ADA gives civil rights protections to individuals with disabilities similar to those provided to individuals on the basis of race, color, sex, national originRead MoreResearch Paper on Americans with Disabilities Act (Ada2589 Words   |  11 Pagesknew very little about the ADA. During the period of research and writing the paper I hope to obtain a better grasp on the ADA in general. But I also hope to learn some things that my curre nt place of employment can improve our standards when it comes to those with disabilities. The ADA was signed into law on July 26, 1990 by then President George H. W. Bush. It prohibits discrimination based on disability and only disability. It is fairly similar to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. ResearchRead MoreThe Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): A Good Start Essay1081 Words   |  5 Pagesdid the Americans with Disabilities Act. People are still isolated because of physical differences, such as disabilities. Some people may disagree, but the ways to victimize are more abundant than just abusive treatment. These ways include the constant evasion of a person, the exclusion of someone from some activity, as well as the change in manner towards them. These seem to be the most common responses for people with disabilities to receive. In fact, people who have disabilities may faceRead MoreThe Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in the Workplace Essay1556 Words   |  7 PagesPeople with disabilities have become an integral part of the workforce. The ADA forbids discrimination against people with disabilities when recruiting, hiring, training, and compensating employees (Sotoa Kleiner, 2013). The ADA prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in em ployment, transportation, public accommodation, communications, and governmental and establishes requirements for telecommunications relay services (activities (Stryker, R. (2013). Employers are not allowed

Violent Video Games Do Not Equal Violent Kids - 1224 Words

Video games are very misunderstood by adults. They seem to believe violent video games leads to violent kids, but that is just not true. Violent video games really don’t do any damage on the psyche of a child that was not already damaged, and if there is no damage already than no damage shall be dealt. People say violent games like Call of Duty and Grand Theft Auto have been the cause of many school shootings which is just not true. Millions of people play violent video games every day and none of them go out and kill people. The person that goes out and kills people was sick in the head long before they played the violent video game. Maybe they enjoyed killing people a bit too much but that was not the intention of the games creators. They can’t help how some person who is sick in the head chooses to play their video game. I have three reason that will prove violent video games do not equal violent kids. The amount of time spent playing, how you spend your time playing , and violence in other media will help me to prove my point. First, we must discuss the amount of time spent playing. The amount of time spent playing video games is what truly affects kids. Playing for too long has worse affects than playing a violent game. I have two sources to back up my point as evidence. â€Å"Overall those who played for less than an hour a day were less likely to have problems such as aggression than those who did not play at all. But those who spend more than three hours a dayShow MoreRelated Video Games Violence Essay1580 Words   |  7 Pageschild has played video games once in their lives. There are various genres and types of video games such as action, first person shooters, adventure, education, role-playing, strategy, and many more. 89% of video games contain some violent content (Slife, 2008). The most addictive, common, and popular video games among children are the violent video games (Slife, 2008). A lot of video games these days depict â€Å"real-life violence† meaning that the settings and plots of these video games are taken fromRead MoreViolent Video games cause violence? I Think Not.1056 Words   |  5 Pageswebsites like YouTube as well as in video games. Yet, why is it that those video games are said to be the biggest media source responsible for the violent outbursts of different individuals? Is this really the case? Every eight out of ten homes in the United Kingdom own a current generation games console and video games have become a fantastic source of education when helping kids to learn, such websites like educationcity.com or the VTech Learning System that teach kids literacy, numeracy and the sciencesRead MoreEssay on Violent Video Games Cause Violence? 1170 Words   |  5 Pageslike YouTube as well as in video games. Yet, why is it that those video games are assumed to be the biggest media source responsible for the violent outbursts of different individuals? Is this really the case? Every eight out of ten homes in the United Kingdom own a existing generation games console and video games have become a extraordina ry source of education when helping kids to learn, such websites like educationcity.com or the VTech Learning System that teach kids literacy, numeracy and theRead MoreVideo Games Positive And Negative Effects1317 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract In recent years, video games have played an important role in the field of education and in treating psychological patients. Video games are a form of self-indulgence, which often provide unique and engaging environments that train players to think fast and resourcefully. With the right design and mechanics, they can facilitate learning and cognitive thinking in diverse levels .Computer games can be used in children with mental health issues, psychological disorders and in chronic disordersRead MoreAre Violent Video Games Are Harmful To Children And Adolescents?1729 Words   |  7 PagesTaking Sides: Violent Video Games There has been a long-standing debate that violent video games are harmful to the rising generations. The article that was selected to be critiqued is, â€Å"Are Violent Video Games Harmful to Children and Adolescents?†. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and critique the research methods and conclusions included by the author of the article. Summary Author, Steven F. Gruel, argues that there is an overwhelming amount of science and research that supports theRead MoreEssay on Violent Video Games Affect on Youth Today1138 Words   |  5 Pagesit seems as if America’s youth is becoming more violent. Concern for those aspects in our society which influence violent acts has become an issue since the tragedy at Columbine High School on April 20, 1999. Many feel one aspect of today’s society affecting our nation’s youth in a negative manner is video games. Is this form of entertainment really a factor in teen violence? I think not. We should blame the parents for teen violence, not video games. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;John Holts articleRead More Video Games do Not Increase Teen Violence Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesAmericas youth is becoming more violent. Concern for those aspects in our society which influence violent acts has become an issue since the tragedy at Columbine High School on April 20, 1999. Many feel one aspect of todays society affecting our nations youth in a negative manner is video games. Is this form of entertainment really a factor in teen violence? I think not. Video games are not to blame for increased teen violence. According to the article, Video Games and Children, by BernardRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effects On Children1519 Words   |  7 PagesVideo games in the 21st century have transformed from friendly competing into guns, explosions, and major violence. Video games are getting away with more violence every year and the games are becoming more extreme. The consistence and severity of violence is at an all-time high leading the most popular games in the gaming community to have a ‘mature’ rating due to the considerable amount of violence involved. For example, one of the highest selling video games of all time grossing one billion itsRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effect On Society Essay1380 Words   |  6 Pagesand the mainstream in the 1970’s, video games in America have been controversial. Currently around 97% of America s children play video games in some form; from home consoles such as Xbox, to personal computers and mobile games on smartphones, even in an educational form, video games are nearly everywhere and bringing in big money. Around $21 billion is being funneled into a domestic video game industry. But what are these kids viewing when playing video games and how does that affect their roleRead More Columbine Shooting: Killer Kids Essay example932 Words   |  4 Pagesand left another 28 wounded. The shooters then took their own lives. The two teenage gunmen did not have a previous history of violence but were both enthusiasts of killing-oriented video games. The violence in video games was a major factor in teaching these kids how to shoot other people in real life. Violent video games can and have led children to committing acts of violence against other children and adults.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Growing children are easily

Brief Biography and their Styles Free Essays

Born in 1905, Christian Dior was a French designer whose destiny to be a fashion designer was in his blood. His grandfather, Louis-Jean Dior, first established the Dior fortune, although it was nothing related to fashion. The grandfather established the business of producing char from oxidized roots and then importing guano from Chile and Peru. We will write a custom essay sample on Brief Biography and their Styles or any similar topic only for you Order Now The business was then expanded by the cousins Lucien and Maurice Dior, the latter being Christian Dior’s father (Pochna 8). His mother who was the most influential person in his life; he was never interested of his father’s work. Madeleine, his mother, longed for beautiful things to compensate for the â€Å"less appealing nature of her husband’s profession† (Pochna 12). Eventually, Christian studied political science at Paris and created costumes for the annual carnivals back at his hometown. But his journey to success was not smooth sailing. His mother died, the family’s business went broke, and Christian developed tuberculosis. It was only in 1946 when he was given a break to be a designer (â€Å"Christian Dior’s Luck†). The name Christian Dior became one of the top-of-the-line brands in the fashion world. Today, he is known for introducing a collection of feminine clothes with soft rounded shapes, flowing skirts, and nipped-in waists. He envisioned creations that are â€Å"luxurious, exquisite and very womanly. † For this reason, he won the hearts of many women around the world (â€Å"Christian Dior’s Luck†). In addition, Dior is known for creating wonderful dresses called â€Å"Venus† and â€Å"Junon. † Jeanne Lanvin The year 1867 witnessed the birth of another future couturiere. Despite poverty, Jeanne Lanvin rose to being a famous designer. At the young age of 16, she learned how to make hats. Later on, she conducted an on-the-job training at Suzanne Talbot’s fashion house and became a young milliner. Her training taught her the right skills in dressmaking. After a few years, Lanvin set up stalls to sell her hats. Later on, she opened her very own boutique. She became famous among Parisian mothers when she made a dress for her sister and her niece. Lanvin created dresses with charming pleats and trimmed with English embroidery (Sanderson). Lanvin also became famous for the â€Å"robes de style† clothing, characterized with tight waists and full skirts. Her creations were to be the precursors of Christian Dior’s â€Å"New Look† creations. In addition, she was also known for the â€Å"la chemise† dress. This was to become the â€Å"basic silhouette† for the 19th and 20th centuries. In addition, Lanvin was known for intriguing designs, such as her Riviera collection which featured Aztec-inspired embroidery. In 1922, her collection was added with a â€Å"Breton† suit. It consisted of a gathered skirt with a short and braided jacket. The jacket, in turn, has many tiny buttons and boasted a white organdy collar. The suit also came with a sailor hat (de Mesterton). Lanvin’s creations were in demand among actresses and royal personalities. Many people liked the way Lanvin designed her creations with embroidery, beading, and use of exotic embellishments. Not only these, but Lanvin also made sure that her dresses were of high quality. Additionally, she believed that women should wear clothes that are colorful and feminine. She created dresses with empire-waists, sleeves that were long and flowing, billowing skirts, and tight waists. She made use of luxurious fabrics in her creations and incorporated ruffles, lace, flowers, beading, and ribbons. The Lanvin style was also known to make use of applique, parallel stitching, and embroidery (de Mesterton). Madeleine Vionnet Madeleine Vionnet was another French designer born on 1876. Just like Lanvin, Vionnet learned from an early age the skills of dressmaking. When she was 11, she became an apprentice of a seamstress. By the age of 19, she became a premiere d’atelier. In 1902, she entered the House of Callot Soeurs and learned to make dresses through â€Å"impeovizational draping. † A few years later, she became a designer at the House of Doucet. This was where Vionnet was inspired to make clothes for uncorsetted bodies (Bissonnette). Vionnet worked for many dressmakers in London and Paris before launching her own house in 1912. She revolutioned the world of fashion when she developed the bias cut, characterized as sleek and graceful style. The bias cut enabled the clothing to cling to the body like a second skin. With this creation, Vionnet became famous, and many people would praise the way she combined geometry and anatomy to her dresses. Vionnet was also known to pay close attention to the medium and fabric she used. Furthermore, Vionnet took advantage of the knowledge that the body is a three-dimensional entity. Thus, she developed techniques such as pleating, twisting, cutting, tucking, wrapping and looping fabric (Bissonnette). In addition, Vionnet made use of the bias cut by creating garments that did not use corsets and constricting undergarments. She was a popular designer in the 1930s when she introduced garments that sensually cling to the body. These creations were inspired by medieval styles including Greek and Roman. Aside from the famous bias cut, Vionnet was also the mastermind behind the creation of cowl neck, handkerchief dress, and the halter top (â€Å"Vionnet, Madeleine†). Vionnet was different from other designers in such a way that her creations were hard to copy. This was because she was afraid that others would copy her style and sell them cheaply (Condra 124). Victor Stiebel In the fashion world, Victor Stiebel is known for creating romantic evening gowns and flawless tailoring. This was later became Stiebel’s signature as a designer. Born in 1907, Stiebel studied architecture at Cambridge where he designed the costumes for a theatrical presentation. In 1927, the Victoria Albert had two of Stiebel’s designs. One featured a black and white evening dress in Garconne style. The other one was a black and silver gown with an appliqued snake from hem to bodice (Conekin 147). Two years later, Stiebel trained at Reville where he learned the skills for creating evening garments. Three years was enough for Stiebel to fully learn the necessary skills for haute couture (Conekin 147). He opened his very own house in 1932. Despite the â€Å"diminishing role of the court dressmaker,† Stiebel chose to establish himself along this line. Surprisingly, his creations were acclaimed. Many considered his garments as â€Å"very striking creations. † In addition, the simple evening gowns he made were praised as â€Å"particularly suited to the Englishwoman’s figure. † Stiebel was also famous for cleverly using pleats and draperies that defined the body. His signature was then known to be the artful use of striped fabrics (Conekin 148). Not only were these Stiebel’s creations that garnered praises from fashion magazines. He was admired for featuring slender cut and floral printed dresses. Specifically, Stiebel created an Empire line dress made from oyster satin which featured a silver-edged train. He also proved to be a resourceful and imaginative designer. He designed clothes that were appropriate for the season (Conekin 148). In 1942, Stiebel, along with other designers, founded the Incorporated Society of London Fashion Designers. The organization aimed to represent the interests of London fashion designers. During this time, some of Stiebel’s creations were gown in flowing Grecian styles made of silk jersey. He also designed and created a black gown with ostrich feathers trimmings. Many of his other designs were featured on fashion magazines (Conekin 151). Pauline Trigere Pauline Trigere is another Paris-born designer who rose to fame because of her own style in designing and creating clothes. She migrated to the United States and became an American citizen in the 1940s. She was the daughter of a tailor, and she longed to be a professional in the fashion world. Before opening her own house in 1942, Trigere worked for other design houses in New York. Armed with the skills she learned from her father and from the design houses, she created 11 dresses which her brother sold. Her clothes were sold because the boutiques liked the way Trigere created them (Ward Ferguson). Her clothes were famously known for being feminine-fitting. Aside from this, the wealthy and famous personalities liked her style of exquisite tailoring. Trigere also made use of very expensive materials, thus driving the prices of her creations higher. One of her famous creations was the wardrobe of Patricia Neal in â€Å"Breakfast at Tiffany’s† (Ward Ferguson). Trigere is known for many things, one of which is the creation of the first reversible coat. Coats were her most recognized garment, and she made various styles. She was also known for creating sleeveless coats and coats featuring detachable scarves. She also included her trademark turtle pins among her clothes (Ward Ferguson). Additionally, Trigere was known for directly turning sketches into dresses because she herself did not know how to sketch. But this was not a disadvantage for the creative designer. What Trigere did was to â€Å"cut and drape from bolts of fabric† (Nemy 1). Even after death, Trigere is praised by her peers for beingan intellectual designer and creator of timeless fashion (Nemy 1). Works Cited Bissonnette, Anne. 2001. Vionnet. Kent State University Museum. 27 April 2009 http://dept. kent. edu/museum/exhibit/vionnet/main. htm. â€Å"Christian Dior’s Luck. † 2007. Articlesbase. 27 April 2009 http://www. articlesbase. com/art-and-entertainment-articles/christian-diors-luck-254390. html. Condra, Jill. The Greenwood encyclopedia of clothing through world history. United States: Greenwood Publishing group, 2008. Conekin, Becky. The Englishness of English Dress. England: Berg Publishers, 2002. De Mesterton, M-J. 2008. History of the House of Lanvin. Elegant Survival. 27 April 2009 http://www. elegantsurvival. net/elegantcultureandtravel. htm. Nemy, Enid. 2002. Pauline Trigere, 93, Exemplar of American Styles, Dies. The New York Times. 27 April 2009 http://www. nytimes. com/2002/02/15/nyregion/pauline-trigere-93-exemplar-of-american-style-dies. html. How to cite Brief Biography and their Styles, Papers

Mainstream Media Evolution

Question: Discuss about the Mainstream Media Evolution. Answer: The role of Public Sphere The public discourse is dominated by the open exchanges of political, cultural, social opinions and philosophies. These are similar to the ones happening in ancient Greece and the town halls in the colonial period. This thus translates into the American fabric of citizen participation and can be linked to democracy where the denizens participate in all public affairs. The American citizenry is dedicated to the American ideal to building opinions for public affairs for a sustainable and healthy democracy (Tocqueville 1990). This will lead to an added self-interest and significant increase of self-respect in the community (Tocqueville 1990). There has been insistence by researchers to delve into the matters of inquiry and communication as a basis for a civilized society, this has highlighted a number of debates over all these years (Dewey 2000). In this case public relates to everything that is out in the public domain that includes nationality, unity, and information that is not private, yet it is accessible and observable by all. America goes Digital In the first couple of months of 2009, the shift of the US consumer base moved towards digital television. The US government has already brought about such legislations since the early 90s. The government mandated changes in the manufacturing process, thus the manufacturers introduced tuners with the new TV sets. The manufacturers have thus been phasing out the analog systems and bringing in the digital systems. There have been several changes apart from the ones mentioned above that have led to the transition from normal color television to digital television. The manufacturers used proactive advertisement campaigns to create a change in consumer mindset. When we look at the numbers as of 2008 there are more than 20 million U.S households that used non-digital sets. However watchdogs, announcers and producers have made a large number of crucial judgments regarding the future of digital TV and high-tech solutions for numerous consumers. As far as early adopters in this market is concerned these consumers are rightly addressed as conformist users. Owning technology gives them a satisfaction that makes them purchase the new television set or a digital tuner card. Such consumers also buy satellite television for the same reason. The government supported this transition at a number of levels, they have subsidized this through the NTIA which is the National Telecommunication and Information Administration. These subsidies led to an addition of $2 billion on the exchequer (Ramasubramanian 2015) Then came the Act of Telecommunications in the year 1996, specifically authorized the changeover as discussed above. Electronics companies were in a complete stronghold to upturn revenue through digital TV receiver deals. This change made the market highly competitive and there were intensive price wars amongst the cable operators to attract a wider consumer base. Consumers have been wooed by showcasing that digital television will bring clearer and better picture. The new Information Age and Beyond In this era of WikiLeaks and Snowden, Media and journalism has become largely revolutionary. There is a greater information access, the social media has made secrecy a thing of the past. There have been several researchers on the influence of internet and particularly World Wide Web has made a pathway for consumer orientation to change from information to community building and networking. This has been a major change that Web 2.0 has brought up. Mainstream media is actually the fourth arm of the federal government. The transformation brought about by Web 2.0 has brought up new platforms like LinkedIn, Twitter, Facebook and YouTube. These platforms has led to several forms of political and social expressions (Bowen 1996). This has helped a more informed voter base for healthy democracy. The internet users can now easily find voting records of representatives with a single click. They can also track the Supreme Court verdicts (Bowen 1996). Source: statista This socialization has led to development of special interests groups and campaigns run for common causes to co-ordinate in a better manner (Guerrero and Mrquez-Ramrez 2014). In the year 1996, Decision Maker, a software program developed by Marcel Bullinga has led to the transformation of the debates in presidential elections. This program launched the first online debates in Netherlands and gradually this platform moved in the worlds oldest democracy. This platform involved political representatives, action groups and other non-governmental representatives. The researchers noticed a traction in the forum when political parties from various clouts were involved (Lisa 2005). Thus political discourse can also be made online and can impact the entire political course of development before the elections. Though the span of internet in those days was restricted to the elites hence discussions did not include the common class of people which is essential for the sustenance of democracy. However the speared on internet in the early 2000s has led to a widespread discourse of political and social issues that have reached every nook and corner of the United States. Reel to Real: Documentaries and Films The creative side of media is reflected in film and documentary making. In the US Netflix has revolutionized the way films are viewed across the globe. In the United States there has been a recent upsurge in creating documentary films based on real time events. The reason they have gained traction is due to their depiction of reality rather than the rosy picture a movie presents. This is the reason why documentaries like Inside Job received worldwide acclaim (Streitmatter 2015). This even ended up highly accredited movies like The Big Short which changed the way Wall Street was viewed across the globe. Hence digital coverage and platforms like Netflix have made movie creators and distributors make movies that arouse public interest. Social Media: The Delivery of News, the Sharing of Ideas, the Expression of Opinions Social Media has become a powerful platform for ideation and expression. The way any idea spreads across the globe has led to the formation of a viral marketing channel for a number of companies. This spread cannot be blocked by any company or organization (Haboush, Warren and Benuto 2012). When a person logs into a social media platform and expresses an opinion or an idea, this expression is bound to reach the world in a number of ways. These days news has been interwoven. The example in this context is online new portals of various channels having a page on Facebook or Twitter to stay connected and deliver information (Christakis 2014) The proliferation of Social Media Platforms Source: NYTimes.com Let us look at the real life examples to explain this phenomenon, the recent hurricanes in the west coast like Katrina, Andrew etc. generated a lot of interest even in the east coast and as far wide as Alaska. This resulted in civil authorities and common people reaching out to help people in need. The coverage of the Iraq War or the capture of Osama led to far greater impact to lead to a public outcry of the situation. The Bush Administration was penalized for the same. The government cannot control the proliferation of information and images which the world was watching is real time. Other global examples are the coverage of lost Malaysian Airlines flight 370 generated public interest from as far as California is the far west. When the earthquake in Haiti created media attention across the globe. Social Media sites were abuzz with the news of the calamity. Analytics: Media and Change in consumer behavior Media has changed the way society has thought over issues in the past and will continue shaping future perspectives. Society is thus on the threshold of a new gradient altogether, there will be immense changes in the way society will operate. Even if there are radical ideas and opinions people will be able to share them. Also people from across geographies will be able to communicate and express in ways unknown to mankind right now. Officials and politicians will find it extremely difficult to keep secrets and silence any opinion against them (Havens 2013). The digital revolution has thus reshaped the way media and news reporting function. These changes have thus become radical to shape the society. Since this digital revolution there has been a change in media industry due to fall in advertising revenue. There has been a rise on competition among broadcasters (Gentile 2016) There is a trend of shift from traditional advertising to mobile advertising and these advertising platforms are giving the traditional media outlets a run for their money. With improvement in the economy the overall share of revenue in advertising and media is set to grow and companies especially in the digital space are benefitting from it. Researchers feel that the news and media business is set to enter an innovative stage of its development. There will be increased cash flows from certain portions that will drive growth. This change will be driven by an exponential user base growth and the change in platform from traditional to digital. Also the usage of mobility as a platform has further revolutionized the advertising industry (Pickard 2013). Jacob Jones a leading advertising consultant noted quite a few years ago that there is a need to look at the dynamics of the movement generated by Facebook (FB) due to change from desktop based website to app based mobile service but that question has been emphatically answered by the increase of user base for FB. Conclusion Even if there are radical ideas and opinions people will be able to share them. Also people from across geographies will be able to communicate and express in ways unknown to mankind right now. Officials and politicians will find it extremely difficult to keep secrets and silence any opinion against them. Media in America has been the fourth rung of governance, hence this essay has tried to highlight the influence media gained and lost over the past century. There are thus salient changes in the industry and have had tremendous significances for the public domain (Leavitt, Covarrubias, Perez and Fryberg 2015). Also, this report has tried to look at the historical perspective based on comparative analysis of studies. It has tried to highlight the changes in American democratic system with the advances in media (Kottak 2016) This report also talks about how reporting has changed all these years with the inclusion of digital reporting. This report will now like to conclude on how the fragmentation of media has led to more protection of general public rather than causing trouble. There are examples that talk about the corporate control over media and that leads to bias and unfair coverage of news items, which are the pitfalls of this fragmentation. Even though all these issues exist media will always continue to become a pillar of strength for democracy to function smoothly. It ensures one of the basic freedom i.e. the Freedom of Speech and Expression which is guaranteed by the constitution. References Bowen, J.A., 1996. Foreign news in American media.Journal of Communication,27(1), pp.46-51. Lisa, M., 2005. 'I'm straight, but I kissed a girl': The trouble with American media representations of female-female sexuality.Feminism Psychology,15(1)), pp.104-110. Tocqueville, E., 1990.Split vision: The portrayal of Arabs in the American media. Middle East Policy Council. Gentile, D.A., 2016. The Evolution of Scientific Skepticism in the Media Violence Debate.Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy. Dewey, D.C., 2000. Commercialism and professionalism in the American news media.Mass media and society,3, pp.243-262. Leavitt, P.A., Covarrubias, R., Perez, Y.A. and Fryberg, S.A., 2015. Frozen in Time: The Impact of Native American Media Representations on Identity and Selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Understanding.Journal of Social Issues,71(1), pp.39-53. Streitmatter, R., 2015.Mightier than the sword: How the news media have shaped American history. Westview Press. Ramasubramanian, S., 2015. Using celebrity news stories to effectively reduce racial/ethnic prejudice.Journal of Social Issues,71(1), pp.123-138. Sage, G.H. and Eitzen, D.S., 2013.Sociology of North American sport. Paradigm Publishers. Havens, T., 2013.Black television travels: African American media around the globe. NYU Press. Guerrero, M.A. and Mrquez-Ramrez, M. 2014.Media systems and communication policies in Latin America. Springer. Pickard, V., 2013. Social democracy or corporate libertarianism? Conflicting media policy narratives in the wake of market failure.Communication Theory,23(4), pp.336-355. Haboush, A., Warren, C.S. and Benuto, L., 2012. Beauty, ethnicity, and age: Does internalization of mainstream media ideals influence attitudes towards older adults?.Sex roles,66(9-10), pp.668-676. Christakis, D.A., 2014. Interactive media use at younger than the age of 2 years: time to rethink the American Academy of Pediatrics guideline?.JAMA pediatrics,168(5), pp.399-400. Kottak, C.P., 2016.Prime-time society: An anthropological analysis of television and culture. Routledge.

The Life Of Jimi Hendrix Essays - Counterculture Of The 1960s

The Life Of Jimi Hendrix Johnny Allen Hendrix was born on November 27, 1942. His father Al Hendrix the later changed his name to James Marshall Hendrix. He was born in Seattle, Washington. When he was 18 he enlisted in the army as a parachute jumper. He had to quit the army due to an injury. After that, he began working as a session guitarist under the name Jimmy James. After gigging with Little Richard in 1964 he started his own band named ? Jimmy James and the Blue Flames.? In 1966 he went to London and started his new band called the Jimmi Hendrix Experience. His new band consisted of Noel Redding who played bass. Mitch Mitchell who played the drums. Their first hit they made was ? Hey Joe.?It hit the U.K. charts in early 1967. Some other hits were ?Purple Haze and The Wind Cries Mary.? Their first debut album was named Are You Experienced? In the summer of 1969, Jimmi played at the '69 Woodstock concert. He played The Star Spangled Banner. He was working on an album named First Rays of the New Rising Sun. Many of the tracks were recorded but unfortunitly the record was left unfinished because of his death on September 18, 1970. Music

Quentin Tarantino essays

Quentin Tarantino essays Quentin Tarantino is arguably one of the most influential film makers/ directors/ actors of our time and has made his mark on Hollywood forever. His movies are thought provoking, intelligent, and, very often, so vulgar and violent that we cringe or turn away while watching. However, Quentin Tarantino and his films have achieved cult status. In this biography, we will take a look at his early life, his claim to fame and a couple of his works. Quentin Tarantino had developed a taste for pop culture at an early age. He was born in 1963, in Knoxville, Tennessee. His mother was 16 years old at the time. There are many rumors about how Tarantino was named. Some believe that he was named after Quint, played by Burt Reynolds, from the T.V. series Gunsmoke. Others think he was named after the girl Quentin from William Faulkners novel The Sound and the Fury. Tarantino grew up in South Bay, in southern Los Angeles. As a child, he watched many hours of television, read many comic books, and went to the movies very often. Tarantino was a very intelligent, but hyperactive child. His parents were divorced early in their marriage and early in his life. Despite this, he still kept his father Tonys name: Tarantino. The boy had difficulties reading and writing. He did not like school at all, so he dropped out in the tenth grade and started working at a pornography cinema called the Pussycat in Torrance, checking tickets. He then started taking acting lessons and worked at a video store called Video Archives in the Californian Manhattan Beach. Quentin Tarantinos style and technique of filmmaking are his claim to fame. He incorporates unique filmmaking techniques his work that are offered from no other filmmaker. In some of his latest work, he shows flashbacks, so you must pay attention to the movie as not to get confused. For example, in his first major film Reserv...

Market Competition Timing and Risks while entering or exiting a market Essay

Market Competition Timing and Risks while entering or exiting a market - Essay Example The researcher states that for example, Amazon.com started its business as an online bookshop but as gradually the demand for the grocery items had increased, Amazon.com adhering to that demand and started its first online grocery shop. As we see in the case of Monopoly where there are no competitors and therefore firms set a price to maximize profit and gain the first mover advantage. Whereas in a perfect competition there are no entry and exit barriers so the role of time in deciding the entrance or exit from the market is minimal and perfectly competitive firms are free to enter and exit an Industry and so in the case of Monopolistic competition in which there is a relative freedom of entry and exit out of industry but a difference between those two terms is that in Monopolistic competition the firms are not ‘perfectly’ mobile but they remain unrestricted by any government rules and regulations, start-up costs or any substantial barrier to entry which is the total opp osite of Oligopoly in which there are significant barriers to entry where time plays a major role in determining the entry and exit from the market. A firm has to evaluate several factors in order to determine the risks of new entrants and the reasons to exit a market which include â€Å"economies of scale, product differentiation, capital requirements, access to distribution channels, cost disadvantages independent of scale and government policies†... The term Economies of scale refers to increase the production of a commodity due to which the per-unit cost is of a commodity is reduced. This will create a risk for the new entrant firms in a sense that they would have to produce a larger quantity at a lower price. Economies of scale encourage the firms to exit the market that cannot produce the required quantity and it deters the smaller firms from entering into the market. These bigger firms forces the new entrants to either come in on a large scale or to accept a cost disadvantage (Porter, 1979). Product differentiation is a risk for entering into the market because it requires incurring expenditure and great deal of money to make the product differentiate among its competitors. Another type of risk is capital requirement where new entrants are required to invest larger amounts to compete efficiently in an industry; particularly if the capital is required for the research and development. The initial cost to operate can be so lar ge that it restricts all but the larger firms. The capital is not only required for fixed facilities but also for the inventories and absorbing start-up losses. While bigger firms have the financial resources to tap any industry but the huge capital investments in industries such as mineral extraction and computer manufacturing has major risks and limits the pool of entrants. Even the big firms do compete in this trio there is still no guarantee for success. Access to distribution channel is another type of risk in which a firm needs to obtain distribution for the channel and the distributors are not likely to deliver the product until they are paid good incentives and that will lead to profit reduction for the firm. For example, a new food product enters

Nursing Scopes of Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing Scopes of Practice - Essay Example "In 1978, Michigan legislature combined all laws regulating health personnel into one statute consolidating the legal framework for nursing in the Michigan Public Health Code, rather than a separate Nurse Practice Act." (Licensed Practical Nurse: Scope of Practice - Michigan, p 1). Significantly, the Michigan Board of Nursing makes use of the various rules governing nursing found in the Occupational Codes and in the Administrative Rules of Nursing and they serve as the guidelines to issue licenses and promote the health, safety and welfare of the public. As some state laws describe the scope of practice succinctly while others go into great detail, there is an important need for clarity of the scope of practice. The scope of practice for the nurses has improved substantially over the years and scope of practice in Michigan is an example of this change. The Occupational Regulation Sections of the Michigan Public Health Code Act 368 of 1978 provides the definition of nursing in Michigan, which serves as the legal scope of practice statement. In Michigan, the RNs are licensed to practice independently within this scope and the nurse practitioner's practice within a scope of practice is defined by their specialty education and training. "The depth of scope of practice is further defined by the knowledge base of the nurse practitioner, the role he/she is in, and the client population within the practice environment. The American Nurses Association has developed two publications to assist nurse practitioners in explaining their scope of p ractice: Scope and Standards of Advanced Practice Registered Nursing and Standards of Clinical Practice and Scope of Practice for the Acute Care Nurse Practitioner." (Nurse Practitioner Frequently Asked Questions). The generic functions applicable to most nurse practitioner roles include: Comprehensive physical examination and health assessment, promotion and maintenance of health, prevention of illness and disability, management of health care during common acute and stable chronic illnesses, assessment of clients that includes analysis, synthesis, and application of nursing theories and modalities, and health counseling and guidance etc. In order to comprehend the nurse practice acts, scope of practice for nursing, and Public Health code etc of Michigan, it is essential to compare it with other states. Thus, nurse practice acts for the state of Texas have distinctive features. The Texas Board of Nursing recognizes that advanced nursing practice is dynamic and it argues that the scope of advanced practice evolves through experience, acquisition of knowledge, evidence-based practice, technology development and changes in the health care delivery system. "Scope of practice is defined as the activities that an individual health care provider performs in the delivery of patient care. Scope of practice reflects the types of patients for whom the advanced practice nurse can care; what procedures/activities the advanced practice nurse can perform; and influences the ability of the advanced practice nurse to seek reimbursement for services provided." (Guidelines for Determining APN Scope of Practice). Various aspects are esse ntial in determining the scope of practice Texas, including advanced practice education in a role and specialty, legal implications, and the scope of practice statements as published by national professional specialty and advanced practice

Methane Dry Reforming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Methane Dry Reforming - Research Paper Example The active use of methane and carbon dioxide is also helpful because these gases are not environmentally friendly and their conversion to feedstock will enable better environmental regulation. During the conversion process, one of the major problems is catalyst deactivation resulting from coke deposition. The deposition of coke produces poor catalyst selectivity, activity and longevity. The aim of this project is to investigate the effects of forced periodic cycling between a carbon-gasifying agent (such as carbon dioxide) and methane dry reforming in order to increase the yield of syngases and to improve catalyst longevity. This study will also bolster innovation by developing the traditional Ni-CO catalyst using cerium oxide as a promoter. This approach has been shown to favour synthesis gas formation along with resistance to coking in various studies on the matter. The achievement of these goals may lead to significant improvements in hydrocarbon reforming in context of catalyst d eactivation and would also lead to an improved catalytic reforming system. These improvements would in turn provide substantial economic and environmental benefits through a positive reduction in greenhouse gases. 1. Literature Review 1.1. Introduction Both large scale and small scale industrial technology has depended on hydrocarbon reforming to produce hydrogen [Seo et al., 2009; Rakib et al., 2010]. One of the largest uses for hydrogen is the production of ammonia (NH3) through a reaction with nitrogen using the Haber process [Li et al., 2007]. Steam reforming is also a preferred method to produce hydrogen at high purity and product yields for small energy technologies like fuel cells [Lora et al.; Heinzel et al., 2002]. Overall, the major processes involved in the conversion of hydrocarbons to synthesis gas include dry reforming, steam reforming and partial oxidation or a combination of partial oxidation and steam reforming better known as oxidative steam reforming [Aasbe rg-Petersen et al., 2001; Sarmiento et al., 2007; Rostrup-Nielsen, 2009]. Each of these processes tend to have their own pros and cons based on criteria such as product composition, availability of reactants (CO2, H2O, O2), purity as well as production scale and cost [Pena et al., 1996]. As far as refining and petrochemical processes are concerned steam reforming is the preferred method [AvcI et al., 2004]. However, the industrial production of synthesis gas using hydrocarbon steam reforming tends to leave behind unwanted coke deposits on the catalyst making it not so favourable. Coke deposition has distinct disadvantages including lowered catalyst activity, longevity, selectivity and reduced reactor performance that requires constant maintenance. Within industrial processes, carbon is removed using an excess carbon to steam ratio (generally greater than 3) in order to decrease the chances of coke deposition on the catalyst. Though this method is effective, it requires greater energy investment as more steam is required than normal steam reforming necessitates. On the other hand, dry reforming is seen as an auspicious technology for synthesis gas production as it offers certain distinct advantages such as: i. Depletion of unwanted greenhouses gases (carbon dioxide and methane); ii. Gas separation is not required thereby reducing cost and allowing

Neoliberalism Ideology Of Privatisation

Neoliberalism Ideology Of Privatisation In favour of Globalisation, the Neoliberals suggest that the privatisation and trans-nationalisation of capital is desirable and inevitable from a socio economic development. 1.0 Introduction One of the main outcomes of neo-liberalism in IPE (International political Economy) in economic reforms is Privatisation. To develop my argument, I will look at the arguments of neo-liberalism in favour of privatisation and trans-nationalisation of capital through globalisation. The idea of globalisation has grown to be one of the generally effective in socio economic development as well as raises the global cross boarder in term of social, economic and cultural. To day the terms World economy, world market and globalisation are commonplace, appearing in the sound bites of politicians (Dunn: 188). The debate of the above three vectors relate with economic competition and privatisation try to increase world interdependent and become desirable and inevitable process. Afterwards globalisation is rising attractive a controversial subject whether it can really be important in socio economic development and improve human welfare. A number of scholars in this part come across not so convincingly to provide or even concur that relation between globalisation and privatisation in terms of free competition and free trade (worldwide capital mobility) lead to economic effectiveness, welfare and democracy. To my understanding, globalisation is an important but not adequate circumstance to hasten socio economic. PURPOSE. The foundation of this essay is to essentially examine how aspects of globalisation with privatisation and trans-nationalisation of capital are either important desirable in socio economic improvement. The essay will begin by introducing the concepts of globalisation and will explain Neoliberals perspective on globalisation and its effects on socio economic using different readings, lectures, Journals and my individual observation concerning to the issue. The primary part of this essay will demonstrate the neoliberal arguments in favour of privatisation and trans-nationalisation of capital and its contribution of economic o the process of accelerated economic growth and poverty reduction. Secondly, it will examine some view and criticism and or challenges associated from other perspectives for concerning arguments. Finally, I will draw a conclusion based on review findings. 1.2 CONCEPTS. The idea of globalisation is global change relate with connections of social, cultural, economic and political between actors across the globe. (Robinson: 1999). According to Todaro, globalisation is increasing integrations of national economies into expanding international markets. The above information explains that the process of globalisation try to make a global single set. Indeed Gill accepts that globalisation is part of broad process of restructuring of state and civil society and political economy culture. He emphasizes that It is ideology largely consistent with the world view and political priorities of large- scale internationally mobile forms of capital. Mobility of resources is very crucial in development, investment and services for increasing internationally interconnection and commonly world economy. The OECD1 handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators explained that the term globalisation has been widely used to describe the increasing internationalisation of fin ancial market and of markets for goods and services. In this regards the integrations of capital labour and financial services is very important for economic inter-reliance. The Concept of neo-liberalism is a set of economic policies that have become widespread during the last two decade. Martinez 1996. Indeed (Cerny, 2008), explained that, during 1980s neo-liberalism was related with International Relation while 1990s focus on economic and liberalisation in International Political Economy. Thorsen agrees that is used to describe a range of policies and an economic philosophy that stress international free trade, economic liberalism or capitalism and the promotion of such through deregulation privatisation and liberalisation of nation economies. He highlights that, the term neo liberalism also used to imply that is a new form of economic liberalism more commonly known as capitalism but on global scale. In this logic the neoliberals relate with open of trans-nationalisation of capital and liberation of enterprises and state linking the appearance of market civilisation. Mean while, (Gill1995) agrees that neoliberal macroeconomic policies, aligned to the ideology of the competition state, hence the competition through the privatisation is more essential and enhance global interconnection on socio economic growth. According to sheikh (2004) neoliberals dominants modern globalisation. Its practices are justified by asset of theoretical claim rooted in standard economic theory. Market is represented as optimal and self regulating social structure. It is claimed that if market must be allowed to function with out restraint. Therefore, neoliberals believe that the role of government is to provide public service and markets will adjustment naturally. Neo-liberalism perspective with globalisation reflects on international competitiveness, the policy might engage in recreation of a role in improving international economy. Hirst (2009) at el accepts that, to neo-liberalism international competitiveness as the characteristic modality of international economic governance. It involves political compromise including diplomatic bargaining between countries to establish compromises on trade policy as exemplified by the GATT mechanism. A long with this for neo-liberalism emphasis on the political bargaining is very significant the exercise of international market entrance. 2. Privatisation and Trans-nationalisation of Capital. Before the description and explanation of the neo-liberalism arguments in favour of privatisation. I will describe in short the meaning of privatisation In generally. According to Todaro 2009 the privatisation of state owned enterprises in the production and financial sectors, hinges on orthodox hypothesis that private ownership brings greater efficiency and more rapid growth In addition he emphasise that privatisation improves efficiency, increase outputs and lower costs to reduce public internal and external debt, and promotes individuals initiatives while rewarding entrepreneurship. In this regards states by implementing this policy leads to improve growth and increase in the rational choice for consumer and socio economic level. Martinez (1996) agrees that privatisation sell state-owned enterprises, goods and services to private investors. This includes banks, key industries, railroads, toll highways, electricity, schools, hospitals and even fresh water. Although usually done in the name of greater efficiency, which is often needed, privatization has mainly had the effect of concentrating wealth even more in a few hands and making the public pay even more for its needs. In general privatisation is very crucial on world economy yet it is increasingly becoming a debated issue whether it can improve the economy or make it is worse situation especially in developing Countries. Related with trans-nationalisation of capital is a kind of recent capitalism connected with hegemonic tool for analysis of transitional economy. Capital transnationalisation can be transferred through different type in terms of and goods and service capital, financial capital, and productive capital. Bina (1991) agrees that there are three ways of trans-nationalisation in world economy (i) Concentration and centralisation of capital both in manufacturing (industrial capital) and financial capital. (ii) The formation of finance capital and further development of credits system for expanded reproduction and the consequent internationalisation of all circuits of capital and globalisation and production through the medium of transnational cooperation (TNCs). However economic labour movement and financial flow become considerable society in the age of globalisation. Labour is directly related to the reason of advanced capitalism. This requires an inspection of requirements of the politica l economy of today trans-nationalisation. Cerny 2008 argue that for neo-liberalism contemporary politics entails both a process of choosing between version of neo-liberalism, and the attempt to innovate creativity within the new neoliberal playing field including open trade capital flows embedded financial orthodoxy, the regulatory state, privatisation and hybrid forms of governance are the bottom line of neo-liberalism. In theory, it offers prediction of amendment of political institutions increase of economic globalisation. The argument of neo-liberalism paradigm base on free market and privatisation has encouraging effects in social impartiality. Moreover they believe in freedom of movement for capital commodities, it advocates the opportunity of economies and competition in the world market in situation of complete freedom. Hirst agrees that economic performance measures through competitiveness. Idea of competitiveness relate with comparative advantages that is different countries lead each country will capable to acquire other product at al lower resources cost less hours. Moreover, Makwana (2006) agrees that neoliberals claims that privatized services are more capable than those run by state. They consider that market competition and collaborate effectiveness can drive prices drive prices down for consumers. Furthermore, the eventual goal of neoliberal economic globalisation to eliminate of all barriers to trade and the privatisation of all accessible resources and service. In addition, Cerny 2008. state that, neo-liberalism focus on relatively dogmatic, enforced laissez-faire doctrine, it involves first of all an acceptance that we live in multilevel, more open and market like globalisation world in which informal and negotiated policy process prevails for neoliberals open market and globalisation is very significant for neoliberal market civilisation (Gill 1995) which is linking social well being on broad around the world economy system. Another explanation from (Cerny: 2008) reiterates that, neoliberals public policies, whether at national, regional or international level do not merely constrains but also bring opportunities. In theory, through Structural Adjustment policies allows poor to possess and be accountable for recovering their lives changes themselves relatively than the system. As I mentioned earlier that, transformation of capital may occur in term of manufacturing and financial aspects there is empirical evidence that some of countries benefited with privatisation policy. (Calva: 2003) accepts that, in Costa Rica four company privatise and reported that increasing 9 percentages of GDP in 1998.this means that shares of GDP reduce deficit in GDP. Another evidence which (Calva 2003) provided that increase of production in industrial sector, he highlighted that Russian and Mexico is among of countries achieved in by privatisation. The above example provided, demonstrate for neoliberals ideology of privatisation had positive aspects in economic sector. Different with neoliberals perspectives, realist theories highlighted that competitiveness and privatisation is not a solution for social well being on broad around the world. Bayliss (2005) agreed that, in developing countries, privatisation, in common with the wider neo-liberal policy agenda, has failed to meet expectations. Privatisation efforts have been undermined by various factors, including weak political commitment, poor investor supply response and institutional challenges. He emphasis that since the late 1990s, the language of privatisation has softened (as, for example, private sector participation has replaced privatisation). In additional to that, realism scholars argues that globalisation has not succeeded to promote market economy in world market. It gears an inequality of market between North and South. Stiglitz agrees there is disproportionate share of benefits, at the expense of the developing worlds. Therefore a consequence of this situation consequence was some poorest countries in the world turn into worse off. Private investment sector is useful in socio economic especially for countries that lacks of capital, including piece of equipments and expertise. Stiglitz (2006:) accepts that, for privatisation policy of world economy to meet the demand for their skill labour increase, and wages of unskilled labour become higher he emphasized that if labour moves from a country where productivity and wages are low to one where they are high, the increase in out put can be enormous and worlds economy grows. The Marxist perspectives, argues that privatisation is related with capital accumulation. Dunn 2006 agrees that private capitalist accumulate capital by making investment decisions within logic of profit maximization. He emphasizes that privatisation in capitalist counties dont directly interfere in investments decisions or in the market, but rather provide legitimation and order, using its power primary to guarantee external defense and internal peace consistence with the institutions of private property, therefore they emphasizes that globalisation serves an interest maximisation of profit inter of capital trans-nationalisation and intercontinental trade other than ideology. For Marxist discipline, globalisation relates with expansion of capital accumulation and should be profitable the working class Hossein (2005) agrees that for many Marxist in recent decades, capitalism is key its nature a globally expanding system geared to accumulation on a world scale. To some extent Marxist believe that ideology of competition between capitalist countries facilitate currently instability for the world capitalist economy. 3.0: Critics of Globalisation, Privatisation and trans-nationalisation. This paper has assessed the privatisation and trans-nationalisation idea of neoliberals facilitate socio economic world. Policy of privatisation to large extent the development helps to increase job creation, trade competition and rational choice for consumer. Yet it features some challenges. As I illustrated in the beginning, trans-nationalisation of capital is kind of hegemonic capitalist system, this is more appropriate part of global political economy in capitalist production and finance. This reflects the rising domination of transnational cooperation (TNC) of having hegemonic actors (North part) in world economy. Roboson 2004 agrees that, there is evidence that a transnational class is gaining hegemony over local- and national-based capitalists including the spread of TNCs, increase in foreign direct investment (FDI), cross border mergers and acquisitions, transnational interlocked directorships, and strategic alliances. This situation changes stability of classes forces that has completed likely that attack on unions. For neoliberals structural Adjustments policies is appropriate and its implementation but in reality the application of Shock therapy implementation of SAP in Africa and other areas resulted in increase in economic shock and other abjection results Protozos 2004 agreed that over 15 years of IMF / World Bank management of Tanzanias economy saw its per capital GDP drop from $ 309 to $ 210 and rate of abject poverty jumped to 51 percent of the population. Moreover the Implementation of SAP are forced as condition for loans, hence the repayments of loans affects budget of the developing countries. In addition Protozons argue that SAP structural Adjustment Programme are imposed renegotiating debts, and on condition that the receipts country accepts privatisation, capital market liberalisation, market based pricing and reduction in subsidies for public services such as water, food and utilities. This has therefore resulted was disintegration of their economies and hence catastrophic for developing countries. Competiveness of trade is myth to increase sustainable of true competitiveness. Unfortunately, this major reason that leads to divergences and differences between North and South. Hirst 2009 agrees that, the emerging market economies might threaten the competitive position of the traditional developed countries of the North, which in countries is threatened by cheap goods and labour, the growth of South cheap goods and labour which one of aspects hinder trade competition. Indeed Curtis 2005 argues that in Pakistan increasing foreign competition in fisheries a sector is edging 300,000 local fisher folk out of market. This evaluate that private company distorted local market since local companies does not compete due to different obstacles. Private investment sector was usual to consequence in job formation. In reality restructuring has been accompanied with retrenchments. Stiglitz (2006) accepts that, privatisation policy failed to meet commitments to world economy to many development countries around the world when they liberalized so fast that the private sector did not have time to respond and create new jobs, or when interest rates were so high that the private sector could not affords to make the investments necessary to create new jobs. There fore unemployment rate increases in economic system. 4. Conclusion. In conclusion this paper argues on that globalisation and privatisation and trans-nationalisation in world economy. To a great degree, privatisation helps to facilitate and improves in different sectors management job opportunities socio and economic development growth in North side rather then South side. Above of the mentioned challenges / critics and other factors may cause that implementation of globalisation and tarns-nationalisation and privatisation be uneven. Moreover, the concept of globalisation exhibits affirmative forms of thought, including economic effectiveness, wellbeing and democracy. For neo-liberalism ideology of privatisation is away cut off hegemonic power between North and South which exist, yet the process seem failed to meet its commitments. Furthermore, the elementary strategy of neoliberal is focusing on rising freedom both political and economic aspects. The practice and performance of neoliberal ideology has been reliable every where in the world. Privatisation in developing countries is universal with the wide neoliberals strategy programme has failed to meet expectation. (Curtis 2005) accepts that, In South Africa, water privatisation has meant that half of million people were cut off non payment of their water bills during of their water bills during a three month period in 2001 out break of cholera has been also been reported as families resort to drawing water pollution rivers. In this regards, the policy move emerged in response to apparent failures in the public sector particular in Sub Sahara Africa. Finally, I have drawn the conclusion, why neoliberal thought of globalisation through free trade policy not working? And what can be done in order to make globalisation run for more people. In my view damaged by different factors, together with weak political obligation, underprivileged investor supply response and institutional challenges. However there is tendency of TNCs exercise several strategies to reduce their declared income in developing country including transfer pricing and be liable to move most of declared profits elsewhere of the host country. On top on that, developing countries should provide sufficient data for foreign investors; hence it helps more promoted achievement. In developing countries, privatisation can place substantial demands on an already stretched and destabilized public sector, both in terms of functioning and rule of the privatised enterprises. Therefore manufacturing sector productivity is smaller and low-income economies due, in part, to an amalgamation of hi-tech dependence What do poor countries require to perform to reap the utmost benefit from globalisation? For my view that, developed countries should to reduce boundaries against import of African products. Public Sectors including provision of water, education and health might be clearly excluded from privatisation. Poor countries have to have right of entry to substantial special action to look after their frail economies from foreign competition. Developed countries should implements the Article 66 of TRIPS2 agreement, which requires developed countries to make available incentives encouraging transfer of technology. In addition to that, industrial countries should implement well article 22, 23, and 24 Howard 2009 agrees that, article 22,23,24 allow government to protect good name of product from certain regions in their countries, this helps developing countries to have a property of use of trade mark and geographical protection for produce a specific commodities. Last but not least a major aspect for implementation of privatisation is political stability. Ajay 2001 argue that, Good governance and accountability and trustworthy and independency of national institutions is very crucial condition for growth. To summarise, state should play its role well, where market failure and international developments agencies try to equalized and avoided to implements globalisation and other policies by dominants of unilaterally or us hegemony.

Role of Smallpox Vaccine in the Prevention and Treatment of Variola maj

Role of Smallpox Vaccine in the Prevention and Treatment of Variola major and Variola minor Smallpox has claimed the lives of many ever since the Middle Ages. However, it has now been eradicated due in part to a very effective vaccine. The vaccine has saved the lives of thousands and has eradicated the disease in the history of man kind. This miracle vaccine can greatly diminish the effects variola and even stop the disease from becoming fatal. The vaccine is also the only known way to fight the smallpox, and until an antiviral agent is found, it will be humanity’s only defense against this deadly and devastating disease. The pathogenic virus Variola causes the well-known and often deadly virus smallpox. Smallpox has been eradicated for about 25 years, mostly on the part of a successful vaccine. As mentioned earlier, Variola is a virus. There are three forms of the virus that are most prominent: variola, variola hemorrhagica, and varioloid. (2) All these viruses are classified as the cause of smallpox though simulate different symptoms. Any individual with any of these viruses can either have variola major or variola minor. Variola major is the more severe form of smallpox. (2) Unvaccinated patients diagnosed with variola major have a 30-50% fatality rate, while if the same patients had variola minor, they would have a 1-2% chance of death. (3) In vaccinated patients, only 3% of people diagnosed with variola major die. With a few exceptions, no vaccinated patients with the minor form of the disease have died. Smallpox is characterized by a series of symptoms. These symptoms will first occur within 7-17 days after exposure to the virus. (3) The symptoms may include fever, chills, headache, nausea, vomiting or severe muscles ac... ... may have been one of the most influential vaccines ever developed. Its role in the prevention of smallpox has been great. Role of Smallpox Vaccine†¦5 References 1. Center for Disease Control. (2004, December). Smallpox Disease Overview. Center for Disease Control. Date retrieved: July 12, 2005: http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/overview/disease-facts.asp 2. Thomas, R. (1907). Variola. The Eclectic Practice of Medicine. Date retrieved: July 21, 2005: http://www.ibilio.org/herbmed/eclectic/thomas/smallpox.html 3. Utah Department of Health: Bureau of Epidemiology. (2002). Smallpox (Variola). Smallpox (Variola). Date retrieved: July 21, 2005: file:///X|/Epidemiology/ELS_old/epidemiology/epifacts/smallpox.html 4. World health Organization. Smallpox. World Health Org. Date retrieved: July 21, 2005: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheet/smallpox/en/print.html

Important Of Accountability

Accountability is the act of accepting ownership over action and their contribution to the organization. Leadership and staff can influence large and small group and empower them to meet the objectives for the organization. The purpose of this paper discusses accountability in health care industry, and employee accountability. How accountability applies to ethical consideration in leadership and management, check-and-balance process, and accountability affect working culture. Why is accountability important in the health care industry?Concerning accountability, there are three levels to consider first, organizational accountability second, management accountability last, worker accountability. They share information to keep those who need to know. They set goals for themselves and people, and their team, and they explain how those goals measured. They monitor the goals and provide feedback. They consider potential outcome of their action, and decision. They take responsibility for th eir action as well as those people under them. They learn from their mistake, and help others learn from their.Health care industry set specific mandates and requirements for financial reporting, which sets deadline for compliance and rules and requirement (Turk, 2012). The integrity in the accounting standard applies to government and business practices (Turk, 2012). Organizations need to take responsibility for their action. The key component is to continue monitoring goals and objective. The accountability begins at the top and encompasses each level of the organization. How is an employee’s accountability measured in the health care industry?Employee accountability is the same as manager accountability, and the expectations should held accountable for meeting or not meeting these expectation. The biggest problem is communicating that why everyone understands the expectation of the company. The goals for the individual are used to measure success. The expectation includes attitude, work ethic, and skills, work habits this has to be understood so that the supervisor and employee have the same understanding (Turk, 2012). When expectation of the employee is met, the organization rewards him.If they are not met the organization resolve the problem, or consequence come behind the mistake. Leadership need to have feedback sessions with their employee to let him know positive and negative outcome, and recognize him in front of his peers. The goals are to admit their mistake and learn from them. How does accountability apply to ethnical consideration in leadership and management? The United States health care system faces challenges in providing quality health care to diverse population (Napoles-Springer, 2005).The effort to identify the culturally health care from the perspective of ethnically and diverse in detail to define cultural competence level of medical encounter are lacking the skills, and knowledge to identify the different cultural values and pra ctices (Napoles-Springer, 2005). The measure could used to access how cultural competence of provider is associated with patient outcomes (Napoles-Springer, 2005). The cultural competence measure the quality of health care associated with patient outcome.The ethnical responsibility carries certain degree of respect, cooperation, share knowledge, and teamwork. The problems arise with staff members and department, but building rapport with the department can improve the work experience, and the experience of patient treated through the health care industry. The employer ethnical responsibly are to orientation and training on new and existing equipment, empowered employees to be more productive, and happy with his job.There should be a chain of command where staff member could resolve issues What does check-and-balances process look like in a successful organization? The check-and-balance process support employee ensures a transparent working environment, and keep ethical employee from manipulate and intimidate by others. The proper check-and-balance prevents individuals ignoring ethical guidelines, and deters bad behavior. An organization structuring a set of check-and-balance needs where problems develop and how they can fix it.The process start with leaderships they must become aware and involved in the organization. The organization should have tight control and failure to follow policy and procedure will be deal with. Leadership must act ethically and insisting that the staff do the same. Leadership must be on guard for that area where ethical lapse occurs and provide the check-and-balance to prevent them. How does accountability affect an organization’s working culture?Health care industry shares the fundamental commitment to enhance the quality of care for those needing health care service, and create effective health care delivery system (American College of Healthcare Executive, 2010). The goal is to create a workplace that attracts and keeps the best employee with the opportunity for personal and professional development, which includes education, specialty training, and access to career goal. Mutual respect and care create a work environment, which everyone believes valued and appreciated, and looking forward to go to work every day.Communication is critical for a company set up regular meeting invite feedback. Encourage employee to contribute innovative and quality ideas. Coordinate and monitoring activity keep focus on goals and action. Provide accurate information to employee, and ensure that the action is consistent with the company objective and goals, and established deadline when task must be complete, and review task ongoing and in progress (American College of Healthcare Executive, 2010) How can you maintain a positive working culture and avoid a working culture of blame?A positive workplace lead to increased in productivity, better employee morale, and the ability to keep skilled worker (McFarlin, 2012). First a clear vision or mission for the organization this defines the foundation of the organization. Second, hired positive employee an individual with friendly smile, upbeat personality, handles conflict, and interact with others. Third, establish an open-door-policy be accessible to the staff, have one-on-one meeting listen to feedback both positive and negative.Fourth, communicate with the staff keep them inform on what is going on with the organization be honest with the staff about upcoming changes in the organization. Last recognized the staff accomplishment, and establish reward system for excellent performance, and thank an employee for a job well done. Encourage staff member to recruit potential employee. The employee will have a better feel of which he want to work with, and the goal is to promote a positive work environment (McFarlin, 2012). ConclusionIn conclusion this paper discusses accountability in health care industry, employee’s accountability, the ethical consider ation in leadership, and management. The checks-and-balances process and the accountability work culture. Accountability must begin at the top and run through the organization. Accountability in health care industry must have good communication; defined goals at each level, monitoring feedback, consequences are part of the process. The responsibility of the organization holds staff accountability for the outcome of health care.

Dont Ask. Dont Tell policy essays

Don't Ask. Don't Tell policy essays The  ¡Don ¡t Ask, Don ¡t Tell, Don ¡t Harass policy on homosexuals in the military should be completely revised. Foundation of  ¡Don ¡t Ask, Don ¡t Tell ¡ On January 29, 1993, President Bill Clinton directed Secretary of Defense, Les Aspin, to submit a draft executive order  ¡ending discrimination on basis of sexual orientation in determining who may serve. ¡ On July 19, 1993, Secretary Aspin announced a new policy for gays in the military, stating that  ¡sexual orientation is considered a personal and private matter ¡Kand is not a bar to service entry or continued service unless manifested by homosexual conduct. ¡ The DoD policy was enacted on November 30, 1993 by Congress ordering the Secretary of Defense to revise the department of defense regulations. On February 28, 1994, after extensive hearings in Congress, the Department of defense instituted its current policy on homosexual conduct in the military. The DoD policy provides that engaging in one or more of the following acts shall be cause of removal from the military: 1. If the member is found to have engaged, attempted to engage, or solicited another to engage in homosexual acts; 2. If the member has stated that he or she is a homosexual or bisexual or words to that effect; and/or 3. The member has married or attempted to marry someone of the same sex.1 Under the policy, applicants for military service may no longer be asked about their sexual orientation and the service may not initiate investigations just to determine a member ¡s sexual orientation. The general population, including military personnel, has had strong opinions on this issue. In Chapter 37 of Title 10 in the United States Code, it states that success in combat requires military units that are characterized by high morale, good order and discipline, and unit cohesion, and that the long-standing prohibition of homosexual conduct continues to be necessary in the circu...

Butterflies and Moths, Order Lepidoptera

Butterflies and Moths, Order Lepidoptera The name Lepidoptera means â€Å"scale wings.† Take a close look at the wings of these insects and you will see overlapping scales, like shingles on a roof. The order Lepidoptera includes butterflies and moths and is the second largest group in the insect world. Description The scaly wings of Lepidopteran insects come in two pairs and are often quite colorful. To identify a specific butterfly or moth, you will usually need to look at the colors and unique markings on the wings. Insects in this group have large compound eyes. Above each compound eye is a simple eye called an ocellus. Adult Lepidoptera has mouthparts formed into a sucking tube, or proboscis, which is used to drink nectar. The larvae, commonly called caterpillars, have chewing mouthparts and are herbivorous. Butterflies and moths can be differentiated by looking at the shape of their antennae. To find out more, read Differences Between Butterflies and Moths. Habitat and Distribution Butterflies and moths live in a variety of land habitats on every continent except Antarctica. Their distribution is dependent on their food source. Habitat must provide the appropriate host plants for the caterpillars, and good nectar sources for the adults. Major Families in the Order Nymphalidae - brush-footed butterfliesPapillionidae – swallowtailsHesperiidae – skippersSaturniidae - giant silk mothsLymantriidae - tussock mothsNoctuidae - loopers, owlet moths, and underwings Species of Interest Danaus plexippus, the monarch butterfly, is the only butterfly in the world to migrate in two directions.Ornithoptera alexandrae (Queen Alexandra’s Birdwing) is the world’s largest butterfly, with a wingspan of up to 12 inches.Bombyx mori is no longer found in the wild. The Silkworm moth has been bred in captivity for thousands of years.Actias luna, the Luna moth, is one of the most beautiful and colorful moths. It is a common moth in the eastern U.S.

Evaluate how far the provisions of the Landlord and Tenants Essay

Evaluate how far the provisions of the Landlord and Tenants (Covenants) Act 1995 can be said to benefit tenants to the detriment of landlords - Essay Example In this case the landlord couldn’t insist his legal right to charge a full rent strictly due to the war situation and its negative effect on occupancy in his flats. In United Kingdom, several landlord and tenants acts have been enacted to provide right direction and legal instrument for solving the problems related to landlord and tenant matters1. The need for reforming landlord and tenant act was also felt in countries like Ireland and accordingly law reform commission was established in the year 1975 (The law reform commission, 2003). In July 2001, this law reform commission established landlord and tenant project aiming at reforming the landlord and tenant law. landlord and tenant acts. For example, landlord and tenant acts were introduced in 1709, 1730, 1851, 1927, 1954, 1985, 1987 and 1988. The objective of all these acts is to ensure the genuine interests of both the landlords and tenants according to the agreement made between them. However, the specific aim of these acts is to reduce the exploitation of tenants by landlords. Over a period of time, the necessity for reforming the laws related to landlord and tenants is felt and accordingly the Landlord and Tenant (Covenants) Act 1995 was enacted. The contribution of Landlord and Tenant (Covenants) Act 1995 is highly significant in reducing the problems faced by the tenants from the landlords (Office of Public Service Information, 1995). With the inclusion of several provisions under the Landlord and Tenant (Covenants) Act 1995, the government of United Kingdom ensured the interests and rights of the tenants and it legally protects their rights in sharing the lease of the property and landlords cannot force them to vacate whenever they wish to do so. The critical analysis of the provisions of the said act is essential so that the benefits accrued upon by the tenants can be assessed. Let us discuss one by one. The Landlord and Tenant (Covenants)

Historical origins of sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Historical origins of sociology - Essay Example Auguste Comte responded to the aftermath of the French Revolution and could see changes to society occurring with the coming of the Industrial Revolution. He is often credited as being the â€Å"father† of sociology. Comte sought to apply the scientific method and concepts of rationality which he defined as positivism to study human social forms. The field of sociology was formalized in the modern period by such thinkers as Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and Karl Marx. East of these thinkers presented different theories that first sought to describe the way social and civic units were organized. These theories explained the importance of certain habits such as religion, aggression, or the way work was organized. In the West, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx are seen as the 'founders' of sociology as their theories, methods, and insights can still be used to understand and develop new concepts dealing with social phenomena today (Bilton et al, p. 5). But what is interesting is to raise th e question did sociology exist even before these thinkers arrived on the scene. Or if it didn't, what did it mean in other periods of history. Certainly there were thinkers who studied their societies at other periods of history, possibly in the same way that current thinkers study their societies. One can imagine an advisor to an Egyptian pharaoh saying to the king that the poor community should be organized in such and such a way. He may say that they should be next to bodies of water and arid land and as well to a military community. He would explain to the kind that the people who are currently paying the most taxes are the middle class and that they even recognize their responsibilities more to this one god than this other god. The king would ask why and the ancient Egyptian sociologist would then describe the history of the forefathers of that group of middle class people, to make it appear that their religion served certain needs which should be provided for. Durkheim, Weber, and Marx each studied the social organizations and the religions of various ancient societies. Also each of these thinkers eventually wrote works that were specialties and represented individual concentrations of each writer. For example, Durkheim wrote books on religion and also on suicide. Marx, of course is the most known of the thinkers. His work was more or less in economics and social theory that dealt with classes (Bilton et al, p. 100). Marx's partner, Engels wrote a books on the English working class. Weber's most famous book was The Protestant Ethnic and the Spirit of Capitalism", but he had also written on Roman medieval societies. Weber ventured outside his comfort themes to write about religion and Asian societies. He wrote about ancient Confucianism and Taoism. He also wrote on Hinduism and Buddhism. Durkheim and Marx also had studied different religions. Durkheim demonstrated the importance of religion in forming early societies and how some of its standard activitie s merged into civic activities. Durkheim’s theory of anomie, social deviance, today forms the basis for which many sociologists and criminologists build theories of social deviance and subcultures (Bilton et al, p. 386). His theories concerning the division of labor among growing societies help provide good understanding of Marx (who wrote before him) and other theorists. The early thinkers of western sociology were also familiar with economics. It was the changes which the Industrial Revolution had placed

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN BUSINESS CONTEXT Essay

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN BUSINESS CONTEXT - Essay Example It shows that the entire process starts from the time the employee is recruited, though it is a long procedure and the organization tries to be as fair as they can in selecting employees, but there is no guarantee that the employee would keep the job, so from this view the redundancy threat starts taking place in the mind of the employee, only a strong bond with the organization can keep this fear out of employee’s mind. The human resource department in any organization of this world has gained most importance in the modern era, it is because of the fact that what ever an organization achieves, it achieves on behalf of human resources, today human resource gains the utmost importance in every field simply because of the growing demands of the world, there is an entire process used in organization for employees, which includes all the happenings from their selection to retirement or redundancy. The employment is always related to the well being of the economy, if an economy is having job saturation and the employment cycle is not working well than it automatically makes an economy weaker and unstable, as a consequence other related factors are also affected, such as GDP/GNP, so in order to keep an economy healthy the working of the employment cycle should be proper and the various sectors running a country’s economy should keep in view those important things that can disturb the economy of that country. The entire unemployment process starts from the point when the disturbance is caused in the society, which in the case of Europe was the beginning of the nineteenth century when the industrial sector gained popularity and concepts of trading started getting prominent, in that time the employment and unemployment had taken place, the growing number of policies and rules were also causing unemployment, it had almost discouraged every person from the working class, because they had no surety of their current job, it was becoming a problem, but

Gay male culture Essay Example for Free

Gay male culture Essay American culture has focused much more heavily on gay men than on other members of the LGBT community. This may be due to larger numbers of men than women and it may also be due to gay men having more resources available to them to justify, explore and perform their sexuality. The western culture as a whole still sees men and male experience as the central experience in culture, even if the men in question are transgressing established gender norms. Gay culture relies upon secret symbols and codes woven into an overall straight context. The association of gay men with opera, ballet, professional sports, , musical theater, the Golden Age of Hollywood, and interior design began with wealthy homosexual men using the straight themes of these media to send their own signals. In the Marilyn Monroe film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, a musical [filmfreakcentral. net] number features a woman singing while muscled men in revealing costumes dance around her. The mens costumes were designed by a man, the dance was choreographed by a man, and the dancers seem more interested in each other than in the female star, but her reassuring presence gets the sequence past the censors and fits it into an overall heterocentric theme. Today gay male culture is publicly acknowledged. Celebrities such as Liza Minnelli spent [topix. net] a significant amount of their social time with urban gay men, who were now popularly viewed as sophisticated and stylish by the jet set. Celebrities themselves were open about their relationships. Gay men cant be identified by the way they look or what kind of music they like. There are gay men in every field and all sorts of fashions and music. Lesbian culture A lesbian is a woman who is romantically and sexually attracted only to other women. The history of lesbian culture over the last half-century has been linked to the evolution of feminism. Older stereotypes of lesbian women stressed a dichotomy between women who adhered to stereotypical male gender stereotypes (butch) and stereotypical female gender stereotypes (femme), and that typical lesbian couples consisted of butch/femme couples. Today, some lesbian women adhere to being either butch or femme, but these categories are much less rigid and there is no express expectation that a lesbian couple be butch/femme. There is a sub-culture within the lesbian community called Aristasia, where lesbians in the community adhere to exaggerated levels of femininity. In this culture, there are two genders, blonde and brunette, although they are unrelated to actual hair color. Brunettes are femme, yet blondes are even more so. Also notable are diesel dykes, extremely butch women who use male forms of dress and behavior, and who often work as truck drivers. Lipstick lesbian refers to feminine women who are attracted only to other feminine women. Bisexual culture In modern western culture Bisexual people are in the peculiar situation of receiving hatred or distrust [Lunde 1990] or even outright denial of their existence from some elements of both the straight and lesbian and gay populations. There is of course some element of general anti-LGBT feeling, but some people insist that bisexual people are unsure of their true feelings, that they are experimenting or going through a phase and that they eventually will or should decide or discover which (singular) sex they are sexually attracted to. One popular misconception is that [Lunde 1990] bisexuals find all humans sexually attractive. That is no truer than the idea that, say, all straight men would find all women sexually attractive. More people of all kinds are becoming aware that there are some people who find attractive sexual partners among both men and women sometimes equally, sometimes favoring one sex in particular . Distinctions exist between sexual orientation (attraction, inclination, preference, or desire), gender identity (self-identification or self-concept) and sexual behavior (the sex of ones actual sexual partners). For example, someone who may find people of either sex attractive might in practice have relationships only with people of one particular sex. Many bisexual people consider themselves to be part of the LGBT or Queer community [Barris, 2007]. In an effort to create both more visibility, and a symbol for the bisexual community to gather behind, Michael Page created the bisexual pride flag. The bisexual flag, which has a pink or red stripe at the top for homosexuality, a blue one on the bottom for heterosexuality and a purple one in the middle to represent bisexuality, as purple is from the combination of red and blue [Lunde 1990]. Transgender culture The study of transgender culture is complicated by the many and various ways in which cultures deal with gender [hrc. org]. For example, in many cultures, people who are attracted to people of the same sex — that is those who in contemporary Western culture would identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual — are classed as a third gender, together with people who would in the West be classified as transgender or transsexual. Also in the contemporary West, there are usually [hrc.org] several different groups of transgender and transsexual people, some of which are extremely exclusive, like groups only for transsexual women who explicitly want sex reassignment surgery or male, heterosexual only cross-dressers. Transmens groups are often, but not always, more inclusive. Groups aiming at all transgender people, both transmen and transwomen, have in most cases appeared only in the last few years. Some transgender or transsexual women and men however do not classify as being part of any specific trans culture. However there is a distinction between transgender and transsexual people who make their past known to others . Some wish to live according to their gender identity and not reveal this past, stating that they should be able to live in their true gender role in a normal way, and be in control of whom they choose to tell their past to. Epistemology of the closet. The expression being in the closet is used to describe keeping secret ones sexual behavior or orientation, most commonly homosexuality or bisexuality, but also including the gender identity of transgender and transsexual people [branconolilas.no. sapo. pt]. Being in the closet is more than being private, it is a life-shaping pattern of concealment where gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender individuals hide their sexuality/gender-identity in the most important areas of life, with family, friends, and at work. Individuals may marry or avoid certain jobs in order to avoid suspicion and exposure. Some will even claim to be heterosexual when asked directly. It is the power of the closet to shape the core of an individuals life that has made homosexuality into a significant personal, social, and political drama in twentieth-century America. (Seidman 2003, p. 25). Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, in her book Epistemology of the closet, majorly focuses on male homosexuality. She is also an intellectual who is interested in gay and lesbian studies, queer studies, gender studies, and feminism. Sedgwick (Seidman 2003, p. 25) â€Å"proposes that many of the major thoughts and knowledge in twentieth-century Western culture as a whole are structured—indeed fractured—by the now endemic crisis of homo/heterosexual definition, indicatively male, dating from the end of the nineteenth century†. Incoherent ideas about homosexuality inform the way men are acculturated in the modern West, and (Seidman 2003, p. 25) since this is so, this incoherence has come to mark society generally. Incoherence characterizes the attitude toward homosexuality in the West and is beyond debate. examples, are gay men ridiculous figures of fun or are they sexual monsters who prey on young children? ; is the homosexual a limp-wrested effeminate unsuited for the armed forces, or the lothario of the showers who will gaze upon and/or rape his fellow servicemen? ; Is sexuality an orientation or is it a choice?; are homosexuals born or are they made? ; essentialism or social constructionism? ; nature/nurture?. These are all part of the effect of this crisis in modern sexual definition. Sedgwick believes that it is impossible to adjudicate between these (Seidman 2003, p. 25). In describing in general terms the mass of contradictions that adhere to homosexuality, she proposes that one consider it in terms of an opposition between a minoritizing view and a universalizing one. A minoritizing view takes the position that homosexuality is of primary importance to a relatively small group of actual homosexuals. A universalizing view takes the position that homosexuality is of importance to persons across a wide range of sexualities. Under the universalizing view, one can put nurture, social-construction, choice and a warrant for social â€Å"engineering† to eradicate homosexuality(Seidman 2003, p. 25). Sedgwick says that the current debate in queer theory, between â€Å"constructivist† and â€Å"essentialist† understandings of homosexuality is the most recent link(Seidman 2003, p. 25). She goes on to conclude that the continuation of this debate is itself the most important feature of recent understandings of sex. The aim of the book is to explore the incoherent dispensation under which we now live. Through an examination of a number of mostly late nineteenth century literary and philosophical works, including (Seidman 2003, p. 25). Melvilles BILLY BUDD, Wildes THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY, various works of Nietzsche, James THE BEAST IN THE JUNGLE, Thackerays LOVEL THE WIDOWER, and Prousts REMEMBRANCE OF THINGS PAST, Sedgwick discovers a number of pairs of opposing terms (binarisms) which she then shows to be inconsistent with and dependent upon each other. I found it fascinating to follow her explication of the ways in which these terms were related. Among the pairings that she assembles and dissects for our consideration are secrecy/disclosure, private/public, masculine/feminine, majority/minority, innocence/initiation, natural/artificial, new/old, growth/decadence, urbane/provincial, health/illness, same/different, cognition/paranoia, art/kitsch, sincerity/sentimentality, and voluntarity/addiction (Seidman 2003, p.25). She asserts that a true understanding of the force of the opposition of these terms must be grounded in the realization and acceptance that the content of all of these terms was determined around the turn of the century amid and through anxious questioning over who and what was homosexual. These opposing terms, all of which operate today, therefore have a residue of the homo/hetero definitional crisis(Seidman 2003, p. 25). In addition, Sedgwick perhaps delivers the coup de grace(Seidman 2003, p. 25), if such was needed, to sleek, masculine, modernist objective criticism. She demonstrates that modernist criticism finds its genesis in the homo/hetero definitional crisis and both its flight into and prizing of abstraction is a direct reflection of its homophobia.